1. Please recall and provide examples of at least two specific countries where the republican form of government

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1. The republican form of government was established in various countries throughout history. Two specific examples are the United States and France.

a) The United States: The republican form of government was established with the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1787. This marked the end of the Articles of Confederation and the birth of the modern republic. The circumstances leading to the establishment of a republic in the United States were the desire for a more centralized government that could effectively address the challenges facing the young nation. The exact date of the adoption of the Constitution was September 17, 1787.

b) France: The republican form of government was established during the French Revolution. The revolution began in 1789 and lasted until 1799, with a series of significant events leading to the establishment of the First French Republic. The circumstances were a combination of social inequality, economic crisis, and political unrest. The exact date marking the establishment of the First French Republic was September 22, 1792, when the monarchy was abolished.

2. Comparative analysis of the development of Great Britain, Spain, and France in the 18th century:

a) Attitude towards religion and the position of the church:

Great Britain: In the 18th century, Great Britain experienced a period of religious tolerance and religious diversity. The Anglican Church was the established church, but dissenting Protestant groups, such as Presbyterians and Baptists, were also allowed to practice their faith. The Enlightenment ideas had a significant impact on religious thought in Britain, leading to a decline in religious influence in politics and the rise of more secular values.

Spain: In the 18th century, Spain was predominantly Catholic, with the Catholic Church holding a position of great influence and power. The Spanish Inquisition, although less active than in previous centuries, still exerted control over religious matters. The church played an important role in Spanish society and politics, often collaborating with the monarchy to maintain power and authority.

France: The 18th century saw a significant shift in France"s attitude towards religion. It started with a predominantly Catholic society, but the Enlightenment ideals challenged the authority of the Catholic Church. The French Revolution led to a period of de-Christianization, during which the state sought to replace Catholicism with the worship of reason. The position of the church diminished, and many clergy members were persecuted or forced to pledge loyalty to the revolutionary government.

b) Form of government:

Great Britain: In the 18th century, Great Britain had a constitutional monarchy, where the power of the monarch was limited by a constitution and Parliament. The monarch held ceremonial and symbolic roles, while real political power was exercised by Parliament. The government was based on a two-party system, with the Whigs and Tories competing for power.

Spain: In the 18th century, Spain was an absolute monarchy, with a king having absolute power and governing without significant constitutional restrictions. The Bourbon dynasty ruled Spain, and the Spanish monarchy had a strong centralizing influence, often limiting the power of regional authorities.

France: During the 18th century, France went through significant political changes. It started as an absolute monarchy under Louis XIV but experienced a revolution that led to the establishment of a republic. The French Revolution marked the end of the Bourbon monarchy and the rise of various political systems, including the First French Republic, followed by the Napoleonic Empire.

c) Development:

Great Britain: In the 18th century, Great Britain experienced a period of economic growth and expansion. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain, leading to advancements in manufacturing and transportation. British policies focused on promoting trade and expanding their overseas colonies. They had a flourishing textile industry, and their exports included goods like cloth and iron. They also imported raw materials from their colonies, such as cotton and tobacco.

Spain: In the 18th century, Spain faced economic decline and political instability. The Spanish empire suffered from wars and conflicts, which drained its resources. Their focus shifted from colonial expansion to preserving existing territories. They had difficulties adapting to the changing economic landscape and technological advancements of the time. Their exports primarily consisted of goods from their colonies, such as precious metals and agricultural products.

France: The 18th century was a period of significant political and social change in France. The French Revolution brought about radical shifts in policies and the economy. The revolution aimed to establish a more egalitarian society, and policies were implemented to redistribute wealth and break down social hierarchies. France was involved in various wars, which had both economic and social impacts. The state of affairs in France varied greatly throughout the century, reflecting the turbulent nature of the revolution and subsequent political changes.

Таким образом, в этом изложении были рассмотрены примеры стран с республиканской формой правления, а также проведено сравнительное исследование на развитие Великобритании, Испании и Франции в 18 веке, включая отношение к религии, форму правления и экономическое развитие. Если у вас есть дополнительные вопросы или нужны дополнительные пояснения, пожалуйста, обратитесь.