EXERCISE 4. Complete the sentences: 1. Pathology encompasses... . 2. An ulcer refers to... . 3. Cysts may develop

Voda_1062

39

1. Pathology encompasses the study of diseases, their causes, and their effects on the body. It involves understanding the processes and mechanisms that lead to the development of diseases, as well as the changes that occur in the body"s tissues and organs as a result of these diseases. Pathologists analyze tissue samples, perform diagnostic tests, and study disease patterns to gain insights into disease processes.

2. An ulcer refers to a localized breakdown of the skin or mucous membrane, typically occurring in the digestive system or on the skin surface. Ulcers can be caused by various factors, including infections, poor blood supply, chronic inflammation, or certain medications. They are often characterized by open sores, pain, and sometimes, the presence of discharge.

3. Cysts may develop when fluid, cells, or other substances accumulate within a sac-like structure in the body. They can occur in various organs or tissues and may be caused by different factors, such as infection, inflammation, or blockage of a duct or gland. Cysts can vary in size, can be filled with fluid or semi-solid material, and may or may not cause symptoms depending on their location and underlying cause.

4. A tumor represents an abnormal growth of cells in the body. Tumors can be either benign or malignant. Benign tumors are non-cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, on the other hand, are cancerous and have the ability to invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Tumors can develop in various organs and tissues and can have different characteristics and effects depending on their type and location.

5. Cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. It is a complex disease that can affect almost any part of the body. Cancer can develop when there is a disruption in the normal regulation of cell division and death. It can cause a variety of symptoms and health problems, depending on the type and stage of cancer. Early detection, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes in cancer patients.

6. Congenital defects may manifest as structural or functional abnormalities present at birth. These defects can result from genetic factors, exposure to certain substances during pregnancy, or a combination of both. Congenital defects can affect various body systems, including the heart, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and others. They can vary in severity and may or may not cause symptoms or health problems.

7. Diagnosing infections often involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. A healthcare provider will assess the patient"s signs and symptoms, medical history, and perform a physical examination. Laboratory tests, such as blood tests, urine tests, or cultures, can help identify the microorganism responsible for the infection. Imaging studies, such as X-rays or ultrasound, may be performed to visualize infected areas or detect abnormalities. These diagnostic approaches help healthcare professionals determine the cause of the infection and plan appropriate treatment strategies.

I hope this detailed explanation helps clarify each sentence and provides a clear understanding for the student. If you have any further questions or need more information, I am here to assist you.